Mercury Mythology

From Hermes to Thoth

Mercury is the fastest planet in the sky; it never strays far from the Sun, appears and vanishes. The Greeks called it the star of Hermes the messenger, the Babylonians the star of Nabu the scribe. Every culture saw the same thing: a figure who crosses boundaries, carries the message and moves between two worlds.

The map below gathers the branches of Mercury's symbolism: gods, archetypes, traditions, narratives. Tap a branch.

16 branches7 cultures3 myths8 number (Agrippa)

Key facts

Symbolism map: messenger, thief, scribe, guide of souls

The glyph at the centre, the branches of Mercury's symbolism around it: gods (gold), archetypes (blue), traditions (green) and narratives (red). Tap a branch and its explanation opens on the right.

HermesGreek

Son of Zeus and the Pleiad Maia; on the day he is born he climbs out of his cradle, steals Apollo's cattle and makes the lyre from a tortoise shell. Messenger of the gods, patron of travellers, merchants, thieves and orators; the psychopomp who leads souls to Hades. Hermes in the Greek family tree →

ThothEgyptian

Ibis-headed god of writing, reckoning, the calendar and magic; scribe of the gods, the one who records the verdict at the scales of Maat. He wins five extra days from the Moon at senet. The Greeks identified him with Hermes; the root of Hermes Trismegistus. Thoth in the Egyptian family tree →

NabuBabylonian

Son of Marduk, scribe of the tablets of destiny, lord of Borsippa. In Babylonian astronomy the planet Mercury is the star of Nabu; he carries writing and prophecy. Nabu in the Mesopotamian family tree →

Odin and LokiNorse

The Romans matched the Germanic Wodan with Mercurius; Wednesday (Woden's day) is Mercury's day. Odin stands for runes, poetry and shape-shifting; the trickster Loki is Mercury's boundless, gender-changing, lying face. Loki in the Norse family tree →

Coyote and RavenNorth America

In Native American tales Coyote and Raven are the tricksters who bring fire, light and death to the world; they establish order by breaking the rules. The purest form of Mercury's trickster archetype.

BudhaHindu

In Vedic astrology Mercury (Budha) is born of the secret union of the Moon god Chandra with Tara; the planet of intelligence, learning and trade, Wednesday (Budhavara) is his day. Not to be confused with the Buddha.

Messenger of the godsKerykeion, winged sandals

Mercury carries the message but is not the message: he is the intermediary, the translator, the interpreter. The mind moving information from one place to another, speech and writing, is Mercury's work in the chart.

God of boundariesHerm stones, thresholds

The herm stones set up on Greek roads and at doors belong to Hermes: boundary, threshold, crossroads. Mercury stands between two realms; between the living and the dead, gods and mortals, buyer and seller.

Merchants and thievesMercatus, merx

The name Mercurius shares its root with Latin merx (goods) and mercari (to trade). Commerce, bargaining, profit and fraud are in the hands of the same god; Hermes protects merchants and thieves alike.

Guide of soulsPsychopomp, the unconscious

Hermes is the only Olympian who leads the souls of the dead down to Hades; he also brings Persephone back from the underworld. In depth psychology Mercury is the mediator between consciousness and the unconscious: dream, intuition, the thought that stands on the threshold.

Speech, the lie, cunningLogos and dolos

Hermes lies, breaks oaths and laughs when caught; Zeus does not punish him for it but makes him the messenger. Mercury's tongue serves truth and falsehood with equal skill; oratory, rhetoric and persuasion are his domain.

Hermes TrismegistusHermetica, alchemy

'Thrice-great Hermes', born in Hellenistic Egypt from the fusion of Hermes and Thoth; the legendary author of the Corpus Hermeticum and the Emerald Tablet ('as above, so below'). Astrology, alchemy and magic under one roof.

QuicksilverThe Mercurius of alchemy

The flowing metal takes its name from the planet (quicksilver, argentum vivum). In alchemy Mercurius is the transforming principle between sulphur and salt: volatile, changeable, of both sexes. In the body the nervous system, tongue and hands belong to Mercury.

The Magician (Tarot I)Le Bateleur, Hod

In the tarot the Magician stands at his table with the tools of the four elements, one hand to heaven and one to earth: the mediator. In the Golden Dawn attribution it is Mercury's card; in Kabbalah the sephira Hod (Splendour), the sphere of intellect and speech.

Gemini and VirgoThe signs it rules

Mercury rules two signs: in airy Gemini the mind that talks, connects and scatters; in earthy Virgo the mind that sifts, classifies and corrects. The twinship of Castor and Pollux tells of Mercury's double nature. The Dioscuri →

Apollo's cattleHomeric Hymn

One-day-old Hermes steals fifty of Apollo's cows by driving them backwards so the tracks mislead, sacrifices two, returns to his cradle and lies there like an innocent baby. Caught, he hands over the lyre and keeps the herd: the first exchange, the first bargain.

Meaning of the glyph:

The glyph of Mercury has three parts and combines three planetary symbols: the crescent at the top (the Moon, the receptive mind), the circle in the middle (the Sun, spirit), the cross below (matter, the four elements). Spirit standing on matter and crowned by mind: Mercury is the intellect that mediates between soul and body. The alchemists therefore called it 'the messenger of the soul'; the glyph is also read as an abstraction of Hermes' kerykeion, the staff with two entwined serpents.

☽ CrescentReceptivity, mind, the Moon's reflective nature; the 'wings' on Mercury's head.
○ CircleSpirit, wholeness, the Sun; the centre of the personality.
+ CrossMatter, the four elements, earth; thought expressed concretely.

Mercury across cultures

A Mercury figure exists in every pantheon; the common core is speed, mediation and writing. Roman interpretatio linked Wodan to Mercurius, and the Greeks linked Thoth to Hermes.

Greek

Hermes

Son of Zeus and Maia; messenger, thief, herdsman, traveller and guide of the dead. Kerykeion, winged sandals and the petasos hat.

In the family tree
Roman

Mercurius

God of commerce; his name shares a root with merx (goods). On 15 May, the Mercuralia, merchants drew water from his well at the Porta Capena and sprinkled their wares.

Egyptian

Thoth

Ibis-headed god of writing, reckoning and the calendar; lunar, scribe of the gods. Lord of Hermopolis.

In the family tree
Mesopotamian

Nabu

Son of Marduk, scribe of the tablets of destiny; the planet Mercury is 'the star of Nabu'. The Ezida temple at Borsippa.

In the family tree
Norse

Odin (Wodan)

The wandering, rune-mastering, shape-shifting god the Romans matched with Mercurius; Wednesday is his day. His trickster face is Loki.

In the family tree
Hindu

Budha

Mercury in Vedic astrology; son of Chandra and Tara, the graha of learning and trade. Green, emerald.

North America

Coyote, Raven

Trickster culture heroes; by breaking the rules they bring fire, light and death. Mercury's trickster face.

Three myths

The thief who left the cradle

In the Homeric Hymn to Hermes, Maia's son slips out of his cradle on the morning of his birth, finds a tortoise at the door, makes the lyre from its shell, and in the evening goes to Pieria and steals Apollo's cattle. He drives the animals backwards so the tracks point the wrong way, ties branches to his feet, sacrifices two cows, returns to his cradle and wraps himself in swaddling. Apollo brings him before Zeus; Hermes swears oath upon oath and lies, and Zeus laughs. In the end he gives Apollo the lyre and keeps the herd: Mercury's first bargain, first exchange, first rhetoric.

The five days Thoth won

Ra decrees that Nut may not give birth on any day of the year. Thoth plays senet with the Moon (Khonsu) and wins a seventy-second part of its light; from this light he makes five days added to the 360 of the year. In these five days Nut bears Osiris, Horus the Elder, Seth, Isis and Nephthys. Thus the five epagomenal days of the Egyptian calendar are explained: Mercury calculates time and gets round the rule without breaking it.

Nabu and the tablets of destiny

At Babylon's New Year festival (Akitu) the statue of Nabu is brought from Borsippa to Babylon; his father Marduk fixes the year's destiny in the assembly of the gods and Nabu writes it on the tablets. Fixing fate is Jupiter's (Marduk's) work, writing it is Mercury's (Nabu's). Babylonian scribes dedicate their styluses to Nabu; writing, reckoning and astronomical observation come out of his temple.

Mercury in classical astrology

Signs ruledGemini (day house) and Virgo (night house)
ExaltationVirgo 15°
DetrimentSagittarius and Pisces
FallPisces 15°
SectVariable: diurnal when rising before the Sun, nocturnal when rising after it
Joy1st house
NatureVariable; takes on the nature of the planet it joins, on its own leaning cold and dry
Day and hourWednesday; the hours of Mercury
MetalMercury (quicksilver)
SpeedAbout 1° a day outside retrograde; never more than 28° from the Sun

In classical interpretation Mercury signifies mind, speech, learning, trade and journeys; its sign and its companions determine its character. See the family of Hermes and the birth chart calculator.

Table of correspondences

Day, metal, tarot and Kabbalah correspondences follow Agrippa, Lilly and the Golden Dawn; not one system but layers laid over centuries.

DayWednesday (Mercurii dies; Woden's day)
MetalMercury (quicksilver)
Number (Agrippa)8
TarotI The Magician
KabbalahHod (Splendour), the eighth sephira
AlchemyThe Mercurius principle: volatile, transforming
Body (Lilly)Tongue, nerves, hands, the faculties of the brain
Colour (Lilly)Mixed, many-coloured, grey-blue
Angel (grimoire tradition)Raphael
Plants (tradition)Fennel, parsley, lavender, hazel

Frequently Asked Questions

Which god is Mercury named after?

The Roman god of commerce and messages, Mercurius. His Greek counterpart is Hermes, in Egypt Thoth, in Babylon Nabu, in the Germanic world Wodan (Wednesday = Woden's day = Mercurii dies). The common core is speed, mediation and writing.

What does the Mercury glyph mean?

Crescent (mind, receptivity), circle (spirit) and cross (matter) stacked: spirit standing on matter, crowned by mind. It is also read as an abstraction of Hermes' two-serpent staff, the kerykeion.

Why is Hermes the god of both thieves and merchants?

Because both are about crossing a boundary, moving goods from one hand to another and using words. On the day of his birth Hermes steals Apollo's cattle, then trades the lyre for the herd: theft turns into bargaining. Mercury has no morality, only skill.

What does Mercury signify in classical astrology?

Mind, speech, learning, writing, trade, short journeys, siblings; in the body the nerves, tongue and hands. It rules Gemini and Virgo, is exalted in Virgo, falls in Pisces and has its joy in the 1st house. Its nature is variable: it takes the colour of the planet beside it.

Who is Hermes Trismegistus?

The legendary sage born in Hellenistic Egypt from the fusion of Hermes and Thoth; the name to which the Corpus Hermeticum, the Emerald Tablet and the Hermetic astrological texts are attributed. Through Ficino's translation he became the founding figure of Western esotericism in the Renaissance.

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